Effect of Long Term Fertilizer and Manure Application on Physical Properties and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max) and Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in Vertisole

Effect of Long Term Fertilizer and Manure Application on Physical Properties and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max) and Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in Vertisole

Avte Shubhangi Basveshwar , Vaidya Pravin Himmatrao , Khandare Ramprasad Nagorao , Nakhate Priyanka shivaji , Gorde Nikita Balasaheb

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani - 431402 Maharashtra, India

Corresponding Author Email: shubhangiavte4688@gmail.com

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.53709/ CHE.2021.v02i04.022

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INTRODUCTION

Long-term fertilizer experiment (LTFE) in cropping sequence provides valuable information or helps to understand the complex interaction among the soils, plant, climate and management practices and their effects on crop productivity. LTFE serve as an essential tool to study the effect of intensive cropping and continuous fertilization on soil properties. Physicochemical and biological properties of soil alter due to the consistent use of chemical fertilizers and manures. Maintenance of soil organic carbon is directly related to long-term sustainability and overall productivity of the cropping system [1]. In such a way, we need to understand how management practices such as cropping systems and fertilization can potentially improve soil carbon storage and enhance the soil quality. LTFE provides precious knowledge about the effect of continuous application of different levels of fertilizer nutrient alone and in combination with or without organic manure under intensive cropping systems. Long-term fertilizer experiments can be used for specific monitoring of changes in soil fertility and productivity. It can be a paramount solution to solve the complex problems related to soil fertility management. Conjoint use of organic manures with chemical fertilizers is essential for increasing productivity and improving soil quality and soil health and enhancing nutrient use efficiency [2]. Several long-term fertilizer experiments in the country reveal that NPK fertilizer alone leads to exposure of micro nutrient deficiencies while integrated use of FYM and NPK sustain crop productivity and improves soil fertility under most cropping systems [3].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

                       The present investigation entitled was carried out during Kharif 2020-21. The experiment was carried out at the research farm of AICRP on Long Term Fertilizer Experiment, Department of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani which is located within the Godawari catchment area in India between 17⁰, 35 to 26⁰, 40 N latitude and 74⁰, 40 to 76^0, 15 E longitude with an altitude of 347 M from above mean see level (MSL). The present experiment was framed in randomized block design with twelve treatments and four replications in the soybean-safflower cropping system. The treatment comprises viz., T₁–50% NPK, T₂–100% NPK, T₃–150% NPK, T₄–100 % NPK+Hand weeding, T₅–100% NPK+ ZnSO4@ 25 kg ha-1, T₆ –100% NP, T₇–100% N, T₈ –100% NPK+FYM@ 5 t ha^-1, T₉ –100% NPK-Sulphur, T₁₀ –Only FYM@ 10 t ha^-1, T₁₁–Absolute control and T₁₂–Fallow. The crops soybean (cv. MAUS 162) and safflower (cv. PBNS-12) were raised during Kharif and rabi, respectively, with the recommended package of practices. The 100% NPK was 30:60:30 kg ha^-1 for soybean and 60:40:00 kg ha^-1 for safflower, respectively. The fertilizers used were urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash. FYM was applied before 15 days of sowing only for kharif crop, and NPK applied through straight fertilizers urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash as per treatments, whereas in treatment (T₉), diammonium phosphate was used in place of single super phosphate to avoid sulphur application. In T₄ treatment, only two hand weeding were taken for weed control, without use of any weedicide. Inorganic fertilizers were applied as per recommended dose of fertilizer, micronutrients through chemical fertilizer (ZnSO₄.5H₂O), and FYM was incorporated @ 5 Mg ha-1 at sowing time in kharif season only. After harvesting of 15^th cycle of soybean-safflower cropping sequence, soil samples were collected from each plot at 0-15 cm depth and kept in well-labelled polythene bags, tagged and brought to the laboratory. A representative portion of each soil sample was air-dried to determine soil chemical properties like organic carbon was determined by Walkley and Black’s rapid titration method [4]. Cation exchange capacity 1N ammonium acetate (pH 7.0), pH, EC, N, P and K were determined by [5]. K were determined by using neutral standard ammonium acetate as an extractant measured on flame photometer. Available sulphur it was determined by extracting using 0.15 per cent CaCl₂ as an extractant and determined spectrophotometrically using the method described by [6]. Available Micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) were determined by DTPA extractant [7].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 Chemical properties of soil

Soil pH

The significant reduction of soil pH recoded with the application of FYM alone or in combination with 100 % NPK. The FYM incorporated plot showed comparatively lowered pH than other treatment receiving inorganic fertilizer because of production of organic acids during the process of decomposition of organic matter supplied through FYM and maximum soil pH occurs in treatment (T₃) receiving 150% NPK  and treatment (T₅) receiving 100% NPK +Zn.(Table 1). The slight decrease in soil pH with the application of 100 % NPK + FYM @ 10 t ha^-1 over the control [8]. The improvement of soil properties concerning pH was also prominent with the application of 100 % NPK + FYM @ 10 Mg ha^-1as compared to all the treatments [9].

Soil EC

The higher EC was recorded in treatment (T₃) receiving 150% NPK (0.26 dSm^-1) and treatment (T₅) receiving 100 % NPK +Zn (0.26 dSm^-1) while lower EC (0.21 dSm^-1) at treatment (T₈) with the use of 100% NPK + FYM @ 5 t ha^-1, it was similar with treatment (T₁₀) treated with only FYM. The increase in electrical conductivity of soil due to increased use of chemical fertilizer dose, which increases soluble salt in the soil. It was varied from (0.21 to 0.26 dSm^-1.) It indicated that the continuous use of inorganic fertilizer treated plot increases EC value, but results are statistically non-significant. It was also noted that combined organics with fertilizers was more effective, which didn’t cause salinity hazards to soil (Table 1). Significant decrease in EC of soil in FYM treated plot and increase in the chemically treated plot [10].

Organic carbon

 Data revealed in table 1 indicated that organic carbon in soil significantly improved with the combined application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer than inorganic fertilizer alone. Significantly higher organic carbon content (6.36 g kg^-1) was recorded at treatment (T₈ ) receiving 100% NPK + FYM @ 5 t ha^-1 and treatment (T₈) significantly at par with (T₁₀) supplied with only FYM (6.07 g kg^-1), treatment (T₃) receiving 150% NPK (6.02g kg^-1) ,(T₄) 100 %NPK +HW (5.98g kg^-1) and (T₅) receiving 100% NPK +Zn (5.98g kg^-1). While the lowest organic carbon (5.15 g kg^-1) was recorded at control (T₁₁). [10] observed that the minimum value of soil organic carbon at treatment control and the maximum SOC content at the treatment received 100 % NPK+FYM over the rest.

Cation exchange capacity

 The highest CEC of soil (58.68 Cmol (p+) was observed significantly highest at (T₈), receiving 100% NPK+FYM, which was at par (58.97 C mol (p+) with treatment (T₄) treated with 100% NPK and hand weeding. While lowest cation exchange capacity (44.75 C mol (p+)) was recorded at treatment (T₁₂) fallow and closely followed by (44.75 C mol (p+) control (T₁₁). The treatment (T₈) receiving combined organic and inorganic application, i.e. 100 % NPK +FYM found significantly superior over the other treatment (Table 1). [11] observed that use of FYM with 100% NPK cation exchange capacity (CEC) and lowest recorded in control,

Table 1: Effect of long term inorganic fertilizer and organic manure application on chemical properties of soil

Nutrient availability

Soil available nitrogen significantly improved  with the combined application of 100% NPK+FYM  (T₈) due to continuous addition of N through FYM closely followed by  treatment (T₃) receiving 150% NPK, treatment. The lowest value of available ‘N’ was observed in treatment (T₁₁) control due to the drastic exhaustion of the native nutrient pool While, application of 100 % N (T₇) recorded low available N than the other treatment which receiving optimal or super optimal dose nutrient due to imbalance nutrient supply (Table 2), these results were in close agreement with the results of [12] who revealed that treatment which receiving organic residues with inorganic fertilizer significantly higher N was recorded and lower at control plot.

Soil available phosphorous content of soil after harvest of soybean crop was noticed significantly highest in treatment (T₈) treated with 100% NPK +FYM and it was found at par with treatment (T₃) receiving 150% NPK and (T₅) treated with 100 % NPK + Zn, whereas lowest phosphorous content was found in absolute control treatment (T₁₁) followed by treatment (T₇) treated with only 100% N alone (Table 2). Soil available phosphorous content increased with the combine application of inorganic and organic nutrient source, significantly highest phosphorous content was noticed at treatment which receiving 100% NPK + FYM than the rest of other treatment [13].

Significantly highest available potassium recorded with the application of 100% NPK+FYM (T₈) found to be at par with treatment (T₃) receiving  super optimal dose 150% NPK , followed by treatment (T₅) supplied with 100% NPK + Zn and (T₁₀) receiving only FYM. The lowest value of available ‘K’ among the all treatment was observed in treatment (T₁₁) control due to the drastic exhaustion of the native nutrient pool, followed by (T₇) application of 100% N due to imbalance nutrient supply( Table 2).

Soil available sulphur significant increase with the  application of 100% NPK + FYM treated plot highest available ‘S’ was recorded at (T₈) closely followed by treatment (T₃) receiving 150%NPK, (T₁₀) FYM only  and (T₅) treated with 100% NPK +Zn. However lowest sulphur content was recorded at control plot (T₁₁) closely followed by (T₇) (Table 2). [14] who reported that significant increase in availability of N, P, K and S with the application of 100% NPK + FYM @ 10 t ha^-1 over control.

 Significantly soil available DTPA micronutrients viz. Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in soil were significantly influenced by application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and significantly highest DTPA zinc recorded in 100 % NPK + ZnSO₄ and it was on par with treatment 100% NPK + FYM @ 5 t ha^-1. Whereas, lowest DTPA Zn was recorded at treatment (T₁₁) which is control. The Fe, Mn and Cu was recorded significantly highest in the treatment of 100% NPK + FYM @ 5 t ha^-1 and DTPA Zn, Mn and Cu are lowest t treatment control, except DTPA Fe was recorded at treatment (T₇) treated with 100 % N alone (Table 2), [14] revealed that applying optimal dose of fertilizer along with organic manure also improved the micronutrient availability (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu & B) as compare to other treatments.

Table 2: Effect of long term inorganic fertilizer and organic manure application on available macro and micro nutrients in soil

(N-Nitrogen ,P-Phosphorous, K-Potassium, S- sulphur, Zn- zinc, Fe- iron, Mn-manganese Cu- copper

Productivity of soybean-safflower

Data pertaining to table 2 clearly indicated that different fertilizer treatment recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield of soybean over control treatment. Significantly maximum grain and straw yield of soybean (14.27 and 30.02 q ha ^-1) and safflower (6.31 and 34.44 q ha^-1) were recorded at treatment (T₈) receiving 100% NPK with FYM @ 5 t ha ^-1. Treatment (T₈) significantly at par with (T₃) treated with 150 % NPK, in soybean (14.13 and 29.65 q ha^-1) and safflower (6.24 and 33.92 q ha^-1) respectively. Whereas minimum soybean yield (4.88 q ha^-1) was recorded at treatment (T₇) receiving 100% N alone followed by (T₁₁) control (6.65 q ha^-1).

However, in safflower minimum yield (0.74 and 10.68 q ha^-1) noted in treatment (T₁₁) which is absolute control and closely followed by treatment (T₇) 100 % N (1.31 and 11.80 q ha^-1) and (T₁₀) receiving only FYM recorded (4.34 and 29.77 q ha^-1) grain and straw yield of safflower. Balanced application of fertilizers significantly increased soybean yield. With The application of 100% NPK +FYM and 100% NPK + Zn @ 25 kg ha^-1 increased the yield of soybean over 100% NPK alone. Continuous application of fertilizer and manure resulted in significant response for grain and straw yield. The highest value of grain and straw was recorded in 100% NPK+FYM and lowest value in control [15]. Application of 100% NPK + FYM @ 5 t ha^-1 significantly increased the grain and straw yield of sorghum and wheat [15].

Table 3: Effect of long term inorganic fertilizer and organic manure application on of yield of soybean and safflower in its cropping sequence

CONCLUSION

Chemical properties of soil such as pH and EC reduced with the application of inorganic fertilizer in conjunction with organic (FYM) and only FYM treatment while organic carbon and cation exchange capacity of soil was improved with combine application of organic manure with chemical fertilizer. Available nutrient such as N,P,K and S and DTPA micronutrient status in soil improved with combine application i.e. 100% NPK+FYM @ 5 t ha^-1. The maximum grain and straw yield of soybean and safflower was recorded in treatment receiving combination of 100 % NPK +FYM @ 5 t ha^-1. The lowest grain yield of soybean was noticed in N alone whereas safflower yield in control treatment after 15^th cycle of soybean safflower cropping sequence. This suggests that continuous use of balance fertilizers and in combination with organic manures improve the chemical properties of soil and yield of soybean- safflower continuous cropping sequence in vertisols. Whereas imbalance application of N alone reduce the yield of soybean crop in vertisols.

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