Effect of long term fertilizer and manure application on chemical properties of soil, nutrient availability and yield of soybean (Glycine max) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in Vertisole

Effect of long term fertilizer and manure application on chemical properties of soil, nutrient availability and yield of soybean (Glycine max) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in Vertisole

Avte Shubhangi Basveshwar^* , Vaidya Pravin Himmatrao , Khandare Ramprasad Nagorao , Nakhate Priyanka shivaji, , Nikita Balasaheb

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani - 431402 Maharashtra, India

Corresponding Author Email: shubhangiavte4688@gmail.com

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.53709/ CHE.2021.v02i04.021

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INTRODUCTION

Long-term fertilizer experiment (LTFE) in cropping sequence provides valuable information or helps to understand the complex interaction among the soils, plant, climate and management practices and their effects on crop productivity. LTFE serve as an essential tool to study the impact of intensive cropping and continuous fertilization on soil properties. Physicochemical and biological properties of soil alter due to the consistent use of chemical fertilizers and manures. Maintenance of soil organic carbon is directly related to long-term sustainability and overall productivity of the cropping system [1]. In such a way, we need to understand how management practices such as cropping systems and fertilization can potentially improve soil carbon storage and enhance soil quality. LTFE provides precious knowledge about the effect of continuous application of different levels of fertilizer nutrient alone and in combination with or without organic manure under intensive cropping systems. Long-term fertilizer experiments can be used for specific monitoring of changes in soil fertility and productivity. It can provide the paramount solutions to solve the complex problems related to soil fertility management. Conjoint use of organic manures with chemical fertilizers is very essential not only for increasing the level of productivity but also improves the soil quality and soil has health and enhancing the nutrient used efficiency [2]. Several long-term fertilizer experiments in the country reveal that NPK fertilizer alone leads to exposure of micro nutrient deficiencies while integrated use of FYM and NPK sustain crop productivity and improves soil fertility under most cropping systems [3].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present investigation entitled was carried out during kharif 2020-21. The experiment was carried out at the research farm of AICRP on Long Term Fertilizer Experiment, Department of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani which is located within the Godawari catchment area in India between 17⁰, 35 to 26⁰, 40 N latitude and 74⁰, 40 to 76^0, 15 E longitude with an altitude of 347 M from above mean see level (MSL). The present experiment was framed in randomized block design with twelve treatments and four replications in the soybean-safflower cropping system. The treatment comprises viz., T1–50% NPK, T2–100% NPK, T3–150% NPK, T4–100 % NPK+Hand weeding, T5–100% NPK+ ZnSO4@ 25 kg ha-1, T6 –100% NP, T7–100% N, T8 –100% NPK+FYM@ 5 Mg ha-1, T9 –100% NPK-Sulphur, T10 –Only FYM@ 10 Mg ha-1, T11–Absolute control and T12–Fallow. The crops soybean (cv. JS- 335) and safflower (cv. PBNS-12) were raised during kharifand rabi respectively with the recommended package of practices. The 100% NPK was 30:60:30 kg ha-1 for soybean and 60:40:00 kg ha-1 for safflower, respectively. The fertilizers used were urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash. FYM was applied before 15 days of sowing only for Kharif crop, and NPK applied through straight fertilizers urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash as per treatments. In contrast, in treatment (T9) diammonium phosphate was used in place of single super phosphate to avoid sulphur application. In T4 treatment, only two hand weeding were taken for weed control, without use of any weedicide. Inorganic fertilizers were applied as per recommended dose of fertilizer, micronutrients through chemical fertilizer (ZnSO₄.5H₂O), and FYM was incorporated @ 5 Mg ha-1 at sowing time in kharif season only. After harvesting of 15th cycle of soybean-safflower cropping sequence, soil samples were collected from each plot at 0-15 cm depth and kept in well labelled polythene bags, tagged and brought to the laboratory. A representative portion of each soil sample was air dried. To determine soil physical parameter like bulk density was determined by clod coating method [4]. Particle density was determined by the pycnometer method [5]. Soil aggregates determination was determined by Aggregate soil Analyzer [ ]. It was determined using Keen-Rocrko-Waske-Box at the wet and dry basis of water content described by [6].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 Physical properties of soil

Physical properties of soil as bulk density, particle density, mean weight diameter and maximum water holding capacity was found to be significantly influenced by the various organic and inorganic treatments (Table 1). Bulk density of soil after harvest of the soybean crop was found significantly minimum in treatment (T₈) receiving 100% NPK with FYM@ 5 Mg ha^-1. At the same time, it maximum value showed in treatment (T₇) receiving 100% N. However, the bulk density was increased with the application of chemical fertilizers alone (T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄, T₆, T₇ and T₉). Bulk density of soil decreased significantly with the application of FYM @ 10 t ha^-1 due to an increase in organic carbon content in the soil [7]. Significantly lowest particle density was recorded in treatment (T₄), receiving 100% NPK+ hand weeding and highest found in treatment (T₁₀) receiving only FYM. Conjunctive use of chemical fertilizer with FYM reduces the particle density of soil overuse of only chemical fertilizers or only organic manures. The combined application of chemical fertilizer with FYM or only FYM resulted from lower particle density than other chemical treatments or control [8]. Mean weight diameter (MWD) and maximum water holding capacity of soil was significantly improved with the application of FYM in combination with inorganic fertilizer in treatment (T₈) receiving 100% NPK with FYM @5 Mgha^-1 on par with treatment (T₁₀) receiving only FYM and treatment .While minimum mean weight diameter is recorded in treatment (T₇) treated with 100 % N only followed by treatment (T₁₂) follow and (T₁₁) control. Significantly improve with the application of FYM alone or in combination with inorganic. The maximum water holding capacity of soil was significantly highest in treatment (T₈) which supplied 100% NPK with FYM. Whereas lowest MWHC was noted in treatment (T₉) closely followed by (T₂) 100% NPK and (T₇) receiving 100 % N alone. A significantly highest mean weight diameter was recorded in the plot supplemented with integrated nutrient management observed by [8]. However, maximum water holding capacity of soil significantly improved with chemical fertilizer conjointly used with organic manure (100 % NPK+ FYM) followed by a super optimal dose of chemical fertilizer 150 % NPK and 100 % NPK + ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha^-1 recorded a maximum improvement in maximum water holding capacity which were found at par with each other. In contrast, less improvement was noted in absolute control [9].

Table 1: Effect of long term inorganic fertilizer and organic manure application on physical properties of soil

Productivity of soybean-safflower

Data about table 2 indicated that different fertilizer treatments recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield of soybean over control treatment. Significantly full-grain and straw yield of soybean (14.27 and 30.02 q ha ^-1) and safflower (6.31 and 34.44 q ha^-1) were recorded at treatment (T₈), receiving 100% NPK with FYM @ 5 t ha ^-1. Treatment (T₈) was significantly at par with (T₃) treated with 150 % NPK, in soybean (14.13 and 29.65 q ha^-1) and safflower (6.24 and 33.92 q ha^-1), respectively. Whereas minimum soybean yield (4.88 q ha^-1) was recorded at treatment (T₇), receiving 100% N alone followed by (T₁₁) control (6.65 q ha^-1).

Table 2: Effect of long term inorganic fertilizer and organic manure application on of yield of soybean and safflower in its cropping sequence

However, in safflower minimum yield (0.74 and 10.68 q ha^-1) noted in treatment (T₁₁) which is absolute control and closely followed by treatment (T₇) 100 % N (1.31 and 11.80 q ha^-1) and (T₁₀) receiving only FYM recorded (4.34 and 29.77 q ha^-1) grain and  straw yield of safflower. Balanced application of fertilizers significantly increased soybean yield. The application of 100% NPK +FYM and 100% NPK + Zn @ 25 kg ha^-1 increased the yield of soybean over 100% NPK alone. Continuous application of fertilizer and manure resulted in a significant response for grain and straw yield. The highest value of grain and straw was recorded in 100% NPK+FYM and the lowest value in control [10]. Application of 100% NPK + FYM @ 5 t ha^-1 significantly increased the grain and straw  yield of sorghum and wheat) [11-14].

 CONCLUSION

Application of FYM and chemical fertilizers reduces bulk density and particle density of soil and increases mean weight diameter (MWD) and maximum water holding capacity of the soil. The maximum grain and straw yield of soybean and safflower was recorded in treatment T8, receiving the combination of 100 % NPK +FYM @ 5 t ha^-1. The lowest grain yield of soybean was noticed in N alone, whereas safflower yield in control treatment after the 15^th cycle of soybean safflower cropping sequence. This suggests that continuous use of balanced fertilizers and in combination with organic manures improve the physical properties of soil and yield of soybean safflower continuous cropping sequence in vertisols. Whereas imbalance application of N alone reduces soybean crop’s soil quality and yield in vertisols.

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