CHE - Feed https://chemjournal.researchfloor.org Mon, 20 Apr 2026 06:14:07 +0000 hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.3 https://chemjournal.researchfloor.org//wp-content/uploads/2021/07/cropped-logo-che-32x32.png Effect of Paclobutrazol and Mepiquat chloride on Growth, Culm strength and Lignin content in stem of rice (Oryza sativa L.) – CHE https://chemjournal.researchfloor.org 32 32 Effect of Paclobutrazol and Mepiquat chloride on Growth, Culm strength and Lignin content in stem of rice (Oryza sativa L.) https://chemjournal.researchfloor.org/effect-of-paclobutrazol-and-mepiquat-chloride-on-growth-culm-strength-and-lignin-content-in-stem-of-rice-oryza-sativa-l/ Tue, 11 Jan 2022 19:49:35 +0000 admin Venkatesh Reddy K1 1 Ravi babu M 1 Jayalalitha K 1 Srinivasulu K 2 https://www.che.com.es/?p=1988

A field experiment with the application of growth retardants such as paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride on lodging resistance, plant height, culm strength and lignin content in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was conducted at a college farm, Agricultural college, Bapatla during Kharif season. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design which was replicated thrice to find out the effect of different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride on lodging, plant height, culm strength and lignin content. The nine treatments in each replication consisting of two different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride at two different stages of crop growth (100 and 200 ppm paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride at 35 DAT and panicle initiation stage) and a control. Results indicated a significant difference in lodging percentage, plant height, culm strength and lignin content under different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride. Data on different parameters were collected at 30 days intervals. Significantly higher lignin content, culm strength, and lower lodging percentage were recorded with foliar application of 100 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at panicle initiation stage (T7) when compared to other treatments.

 https://chemjournal.researchfloor.org/effect-of-paclobutrazol-and-mepiquat-chloride-on-growth-culm-strength-and-lignin-content-in-stem-of-rice-oryza-sativa-l/
  • INTRODUCTION

    •    Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the world’s second most extensively grown important crop in Asian and African continents in feeding the burgeoning demand of ever-increasing population and maintaining global food security [1]. Nearly half the world population depends on rice, and an increase in rice production by 0.6-0.9% annually until 2050 is required to meet the demand [2]. At the end of the fiscal year 2019, India had approximately 44 million hectares of land area for the cultivation of rice. This area had been relatively consistent during the past three years. In the fiscal year 2020, rice was the most produced food grain across the south Asian nation [3]. In Andhra Pradesh, rice is grown in an area of 15.87 lakh Ha, with a productivity of 5.44 tonnes/ha and production is about 86.39 lakh million tonnes. The use of plant growth regulators in reducing lodging losses, thereby increased yield in rice. Proper application of plant growth regulators at the optimum time could help to reduce plant height, which would possibly have a direct impact on grain yield [4]. In crops like cotton, sugarcane, wheat and soybeans, plant growth regulators are being commonly used to reduce plant height and to provide greater plant uniformity [5-7]. Some of these regulators are inhibitors of gibberellins biosynthesis, a plant hormone associated with stem elongation [8-9]. In rice, plant growth retardants are used to reduce plant height thereby lodging.

    Paclobutrazol is a synthetic plant growth regulator, is a triazole type inhibitor of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis which affects plant growth and development. It reduces internodal growth to give stouter stems, increased root growth; early fruit set, and increased seed set in plants [10]. Trials conducted by [11-15] gave an idea that foliar application of paclobutrazol at the tillering stage can be taken as a chemical approach for reducing the risk of lodging in cereal crops. Mepiquat chloride (PIX), another GA biosynthesis inhibitor application has been shown to produce the highest total dry matter in rice [16-17]. It was found to reduce leaf area and to increase Ribulose-1,5- carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity in cotton plants [18] and lodging resistance of maize by enhancing stem physical strength and lignin biosynthesis in maize [19].

    2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Experimental design and treatments

                A field experiment was carried out at an agricultural college farm, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh in a randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications and 9 treatments to find out the best treatment for the lodging resistance during Kharif season 2020. In the present study, MTU -7029 is used as a variety. Nine treatments such as 100 and 200 ppm paclobutrazol and Mepiquat chloride sprays at 35 DAT and panicle initiation stage and an untreated check. Two sprayings were done at 35 days after transplanting and panicle initiation stage. The details of treatment in the experiment are given below:

    TreatmentsApplication rate
    T1Control (No application)
    T2100 ppm paclobutrazol spray at 35 DAT
    T3100 ppm paclobutrazol spray at the panicle initiation stage
    T4200 ppm paclobutrazol spray at 35 DAT
    T5200 ppm paclobutrazol spray at the panicle initiation stage
    T6100 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at 35 DAT
    T7100 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at the panicle initiation stage
    T8200 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at 35 DAT
    T9200 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at the panicle initiation stage

    Observations and data analysis

    Plant height: Plant height was measured from the ground level to the tip of the youngest leaf up to the stage of panicle emergence. At maturity, plant height was measured from the ground level to the tip of the earliest panicle excluding its awns.

    Culm strength test by Prostrate tester: The pushing resistances of the whole plant (hill) was taken as the indicator of physical strength of the culms, which was measured with a prostrate tester (DIK-7401, Daiki Rika Kogyo Co., Tokyo, Japan) as per the method reported by [20]. The pushing hand of the prostrate tester was set perpendicular to the plants at the midpoint of a rice hill and the hill was pushed until the plants had inclined to an angle of 450 from the vertical, using the white spring (strength 9.8 N/40 mm). pushing resistance was expressed in the compressive movement of spring by mm.

    The lignin content of the stem: The lignin content of the stem was estimated by following the method given by [21].

    For estimation of Acid detergent lignin,

    1. 1g of powdered sample was taken in a round bottom flask and 100mL of acid detergent solution. Heated to boil for 5 to 10 min and refluxed for 1h after the onset of boiling.
    2. Later filtered the contents through a pre weighed sintered glass crucible (G-2) by suction and washed with hot water twice.
    3. Then it was washed with acetone and broke up the lumps and repeated acetone washing was done until the filtrate was colorless.
    4. After that, it was dried at 1000C overnight and weigh after cooling in a desiccator, which was the acid detergent fibre.
    5. The acid detergent fibre was transferred to a 100mL beaker with 25-50 mL of 72% sulphuric acid, 1g asbestos was added and allowed to stand for 3h with intermittent stirring with a glass rod.
    6. Then it was diluted with distilled water and filtered with pre weighed Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Washed the glass rod and the residue several times to get rid of the acid.
    7. Dried the filter paper at 1000C and weighed it after cooling in a desiccator.
    8.  The filter paper was transferred to a pre-weighed silica crucible and ashed the filter paper with the content in a muffle furnace at 5500C for about 3h.
    9. Then the crucible was cooled in a desiccator and weighed and calculated the ash content.
    10. For blank, without sample, the same steps were followed with 1g asbestos and 72% H2SO4.

    Calculations:

    Lodging Percentage: The percentage of lodging index was calculated by the formula given by (Bridgemohan and Bridgemohan, 2014).

    Here per cent of the area lodged was found by measuring the land area where lodging takes place out of the total land area under cultivation. The degree of lodging was quantified using the angle of displacement of the stem from the vertical position where 0˚ is no displacement (zero) and 90˚ is completely horizontal (100).

    3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Plant height (cm)

     The data about variation in plant height as influenced by foliar application of different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride at different stages in rice are presented in Table 1. In the present study gradual increase in plant, height was recorded up to 90 DAT. At 30 DAT, i.e., before the imposition of treatments the plant height varied from 48.50 cm to 52.31 cm and there was no significant difference was observed among the treatments regarding plant height. But significant variation was noticed among the treatments at 60 and 90 DAT.

    At 60 DAT, the plant height ranged from 81.20 cm to 99.36 cm. Among the treatments, a significant reduction in plant height was noticed by the foliar application of 100 ppm PBZ spray (T2-81.20 cm) followed by   200 ppm PBZ (T4-84.44 cm), 100 ppm MC (T6-85.92 cm) and 200 ppm MC sprays at 35 DAT (T8-87.96 cm). Higher plant height was noticed in control (T1-99.36 cm), which was at par with the foliar application of 100 ppm MC spray (T7-96.20 cm), 200 ppm PBZ (T5-93.03 cm), 200 ppm MC spray (T9-92.33 cm) and 100 ppm PBZ sprays at panicle initiation stage (T3-92.00 cm).

    At 90 DAT, the plant height ranged from 100 cm to 118.1 cm.  Lower plant height was recorded with the foliar application of 100 ppm PBZ spray at 35 DAT (T2-100 cm). Control plants recorded higher plant height (T1-118.10 cm), followed by foliar application of 200 ppm MC spray at panicle initiation stage (T9-107.00 cm), 200 ppm MC spray at 35 DAT (T8-105.00 cm), 100 ppm MC spray at panicle initiation stage (T7-104.46 cm), 100 ppm MC spray at 35 DAT (T6-104.40 cm), 200 ppm PBZ spray at 35 DAT (T4-104.00 cm), 200 ppm PBZ spray at panicle initiation stage (T5-102.00 cm) and 100 ppm PBZ spray at panicle initiation stage (T3-100.80 cm).

    Based on the above results, it is clear that the foliar application of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride showed a significant influence in reducing the plant height in rice. In the present study, at 90 DAT, T2 (100 ppm paclobutrazol (PBZ) spray at 35 DAT) reduced the plant height by 15.3 per cent over control. The reason for the reduction in plant height with foliar application of paclobutrazol was due to decreased internodal length. These results are following the results of [22-23] and also with [24-25] who reported that the application of mepiquat chloride significantly decreased the endogenous GA3 and GA4 levels in the elongating internodes that inhibited the cell elongation and reduced the plant height without affecting the rice yield. The studies conducted by [20] support the results of the present investigation which indicates that synthetic compounds like paclobutrazol or mepiquat chloride generally inhibit many physiological functions mediated by gibberellins and are responsible for controlling cell elongation and shoot or stem growth.

    Culm strength (mm)

    Foliar application of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride significantly influenced the culm strength in rice and the results were presented in Table 2. At 30 DAT, culm strength ranged from 20.80 to 21.67 mm. Before the treatment’s imposition, there were no significant differences observed with regards to culm strength. At 60 and 90 DAT, significant differences were noted among the treatments. At 60 DAT, culm strength ranged from 20.70 to 23.10 mm. The maximum culm strength was recorded with the foliar application of 100 ppm MC spray at 35 DAT (T6-23.10 mm) followed by 200 ppm MC spray at 35 DAT (T8-22.96 mm), 100 ppm MC spray at panicle initiation stage (T7-22.90 mm), 100 ppm PBZ spray at 35 DAT (T2-22.58 mm) and 100 ppm PBZ spray at panicle initiation stage (T3-21.75 mm), and these were found on a par with one another in influencing the culm strength. The minimum culm strength was recorded by control (T1-20.70 mm) which was at par with the foliar application of 200 ppm PBZ spray at panicle initiation stage (T5-20.90 mm), 200 ppm MC spray at panicle initiation stage (T9-21.00 mm) and 200 ppm PBZ spray at 35 DAT (T4-21.02 mm).

    At 90 DAT, culm strength ranged between 19.56 mm to 22.04 mm. Higher culm strength was recorded with the foliar application of 100 ppm MC spray at panicle initiation stage (T7-22.04 mm) followed by 100 ppm MC spray at 35 DAT (T6-22.02 mm), 200 ppm MC spray at 35 DAT (T8-21.99 mm), 200 ppm MC spray at panicle initiation stage  (T9-21.98 mm), 100 ppm PBZ spray at 35 DAT (T2-21.30 mm), 200 ppm PBZ spray at panicle initiation stage (T5-21.17 mm) and 100 ppm PBZ spray at panicle initiation stage (T3-21.00 mm) and these were found on a par with one another in influencing the culm strength. Lesser culm strength was recorded by control (T1-19.56 mm) which was at par with the foliar application of 200 ppm PBZ spray at 35 DAT (T4-20.00 mm). In the current study, at 90 DAT, foliar application of 100 ppm MC spray at panicle initiation stage (T7) recorded a 12.70 per cent increase in culm strength over control (T1).

    In the present investigation, foliar spray of different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride increased the culm strength might be due to the changes in cell wall constituents like lignin, cellulose and compaction of parenchymatous cells. The results in the present study were partially in line with the findings of [19] and similar results were also reported in maize by [13].

    The lignin content of the stem

    The influence of the foliar application of different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride on the lignin content of the rice culm was found significant and presented in Table 4.3. The lignin content in the rice culm varied from 13.75 to 16.80 per cent and there was a significant difference observed among the treatments.

    The highest lignin content of the stem was recorded with the foliar application of 100 ppm MC spray at panicle initiation stage (T7-16.80%) followed by 100 ppm MC spray at 35 DAT (T6-16.50%), 200 ppm MC spray at 35 DAT (T8-16.40%), 200 ppm MC spray at panicle initiation stage (T9-16.20%) and 100 ppm PBZ spray at 35 DAT (T2-15.30%), and these were found on a par with one another. The lowest lignin content was found in control (T1-13.75%), which was on a par with foliar application of 200 ppm PBZ spray at 35 DAT (T4-14.60%), 100 ppm PBZ spray at panicle initiation stage (T3-14.80%), and 200 ppm PBZ spray at panicle initiation stage (T5-15.10%).

    Different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride increased the lignin content of the stem when compared to control in the present study, which provides resistance against lodging, and these results are following the finding of [7] who reported that exogenous application of paclobutrazol in wheat increased the lignin deposition and the activities of lignin biosynthesis enzymes, thus improved the lodging tolerance. Similar results were also reported with mepiquat chloride application in maize by [16].

    Lodging percentage

    Lodging percentage is significantly influenced by the foliar application of different concentrations of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride at different stages of crop growth and the results were presented in Table 4. The lodging percentage ranged between 33.60 to 44.86 per cent. Significant reduction in lodging percentage was noticed with the foliar application of  100 ppm MC spray at panicle initiation stage (T7-33.60%) followed by 100 ppm MC spray at 35 DAT  (T6-33.72%), 200 ppm MC spray at 35 DAT (T8-34.02%), 200 ppm MC spray at panicle initiation stage (T9-34.16%), 100 ppm PBZ spray at 35 DAT (T2-34.62%), 200 ppm PBZ spray at panicle initiation stage (T5-34.64%) and 100 ppm PBZ spray at panicle initiation stage (T3-37.40%) and these were found on par with one another in influencing the lodging percentage. The highest percentage of lodging was observed in the control (T1-44.86%). 

    In the present study, foliar application of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride decreased the lodging percentage when compared to control, might be due to higher mechanical strength in the culm which is the combination effect of higher amount of lignin, cellulose and the compaction of cells in culm which in turn gives lodging resistance. Similar results were also reported by [24-25] in maize who stated that the stalk bending strength, stem diameter, and lignin accumulation resulting in strong lodging resistance in maize with mepiquat chloride application.

    4.CONCLUSION

    In the present study plant growth regulators such as paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride were used to estimate the lodging resistance, plant height, culm strength and lignin content in rice (Oryza sativa L.).” The foliar application of 100 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at panicle initiation stage followed by 100 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at 35 DAT, 200 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at 35 DAT and 200 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at panicle initiation stage showed beneficial effect on reducing the lodging percentage and plant height. The foliar application of 100 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at panicle initiation stage followed by 100 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at 35 DAT, 200 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at 35 DAT and 200 ppm mepiquat chloride spray at panicle initiation stage showed significantly higher lignin content and culm strength.

    5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    I am extremely thankful to Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, agricultural college, Bapatla for providing land, inputs and manpower for conducting the field trials. I also showed my heartful thanks to ANGRAU for proving financial assistance as a stipend.

    Note: Get all tables, images, and calculations here…

    REFERENCES

    1. Abbas, G., Hassan, G., Aslam, M., Hussain, I., Saeed, U., Abbas, Z and Ullah, K. 2010. Cotton response to multiple applications of growth inhibitor (mepiquat chloride). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 47: 195-199.
    2. Alvarez, R.D.C.F., Crusciol, C.A.C., Nascente, A.S., Rodrigues, J.D and Habermann, G. 2012.Gas exchange rates, plant height, yield components, and productivity of upland rice as affected by plant regulators. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 47: 1455-1461.
    3. Bashir, M.U., Akbar, N., Iqbal, A and Zaman, H. 2010. Effect of different sowing dates on yield and yield components of direct seeded coarse rice (Oryza sativa L.). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science, 47 (4): 361-365.
    4. Bridgemohan, P and Bridgemohan, R.S. 2014. Evaluation of anti-lodging plant growth regulators on the growth and development of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Cereals and Oilseeds, 5 (3): 12-16.
    5. Buzetti, S., Bazanini, GC, Freitas, JGD, Andreotti, M., Arf, O., Sá, MED and Meira, FDA. 2006. Response of rice cultivars to nitrogen doses and clormequat chloride growth regulator. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 41 (12): 1731-1737.
    6. Carriger S, Vallee D. 2007. More crop per drop. Rice Today 6, 10–13.
    7. Chen, Y.D., Wan, B.H and Zhang, X. 2005. Plant ideotype at heading for super high yielding rice in double-cropping system in South China. Rice Science, 12: 92- 10.
    8. Espindula, M.C., Rocha, V.S., Souza, L.T., Souza, M.A., Campanharo, M and Grossi, J.A.S. 2011. Rates of nitrogen and growth retardant trinexapac- ethyl on wheat. Ciencia Rural, 41: 2045-2052.
    9. Grossi, J.A.S, de Moraes, P.J., de Araújo Tinoco, S., Barbosa, J.G., Finger, F.L and Cecon, P.R. 2005, August. Effects of paclobutrazol on growth and fruiting characteristics of Pitanga ornamental pepper. In V International Symposium on New Floricultural Crops, 683: 333-336.
    10. Jayachandran, M.P., Rajendran and Thangaraj, M. 2000. Effect of growth regulators on growth and yield of wet season rice. Madras Agricultural Journal, 87 (4-6): 340-341.
    11. Kamran, M., Ahmad, I., Wang, H., Wu, X., Xu, J., Liu, T., Ding, R and Han, Q. 2018b. Mepiquat chloride application increases lodging resistance of maize by enhancing stem physical strength and lignin biosynthesis. Field Crops Research     ,                           224: 148-159.
    12. Kamran, M., Wennan, S., Ahmad, I., Xiangping, M., Wenwen, C., Xudong, Z., Siwei, M., Khan, A., Qingfang, H and Tiening, L. 2018. Application of paclobutrazol affect maize grain yield by regulating root morphological and physiological characteristics under a semi-arid region. Nature: Scientific Reports, 8 (1): 4818.
    13. Kashiwagi, T., Togawa, E., Hirotsu, N and Ishimaru, K. 2008. Improvement of lodging resistance with QTLs for stem diameter in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 117 (5): 749-757.
    14. Leite, G.H.P., Crusciol, C.A.C., Silva, M.A and Lima, G.P.P. 2011. Invertase enzyme activity and sucrose accumulation in sugarcane under the effect of potassium nitrate, etefon and ethyl-trinexapac. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia, 35: 649-656.
    15. Naik, B.B., Reddy, D.R., Sreenivas, G and Rani, P.L. 2015. Effect of sowing dates and varieties on growth, yield and economics of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) during kharif season. The Journal of Research, 43 (1&2): 18-24.
    16. Nascimento, V., Arf, O., Silva, M.G., Binotti, F.F.S., Rodrigues, R.A.F and Alvarez, R.D.C.F. 2009. Use of ethyl trinexapac growth regulator in upland rice Bragantia, 68: 921-929.
    17. Peng, D., Chen, X., Yin, Y., Lu, K., Yang, W., Tang, Y and Wang, Z. 2014. Lodging resistance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Lignin accumulation and its related enzymes activities due to the application of paclobutrazol or gibberellin acid. Field Crops Research, 157: 1-7
    18. Plaza-Wüthrich, S., Blosch, R., Rindisbacher, A., Cannarozzi, G and Tadele, Z. 2016. Gibberellin deficiency confers both lodging and drought tolerance in small cereals. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 643.
    19. Reddy, A.R., Reddy, K.R and Hodges, H.F. 1996. Mepiquat chloride (PIX)-induced changes in photosynthesis and growth of cotton. Plant Growth Regulation, 20: 179-183.
    20. Reynolds, M., J. Foulkes, R. Furbank, S. Griffifiths, J. King, E. Murchie, M. Parry, and G. Slafer, 2012: Achieving yield gains in wheat. Plant Cell Environ, 35, 1799–1823.
    21. Sadasivam, S and Manickam, A. 1996. Biochemical Methods, 198-199.
    22. Sinniah, R.U., Wahyuni, S., Syahputra, B.S.A and Gantait, S. 2012. A potential retardant for lodging resistance in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 92 (1): 13-18.
    23. Spitzer, T., Matušinský, P., Klemová, Z and Kazda, J. 2011. Management of sunflower  stand height using growth regulators. Plant, Soil and Environment, 57 (8): 357- 363.
    24. Wang, L., Mu, C., Du, M., Chen, Y., Tian, X., Zhang, M and Li, Z. 2014. The effect of mepiquat chloride on elongation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) internode is associated with low concentration of gibberellic acid. Plant Science, 225: 15- 23.
    25. Zhang, F.Z., Jin, Z.X., Shang, W.N., Liu, H.Y., Xu, M.L and Yan, L.I.U. 2010. Relationship between lodging resistance and chemical contents in culms and sheaths of japonica rice during grain filling. Rice Science, 17 (4): 311-318
    ]]>     Acceptability Adiabatic compression Adiabatic expansion adoption adsorption Agricultural tools agriculture Agro wastes Allivum sativum L AMMI ammonification Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate solution And Cropping and DAP – Days after pruning Antibodies Application aqueous solution Arc-Gis aroma treatment assets Association analysis Astrobiology Autotrophic Bacteria Ayurveda B- cells Backyard batch studies BC ratio Belt Conveyor Bio-fertilizers Bioaccumulation bioadsorbents Biofertilizers Biofuel bioremoval biosignatures Biplot analysis BLUP Box plot and Bienniality Box-plot Brassica juncea Breathable textiles Bulb yield bulk density CaCl2 callus Cancer cells capsicum Cashew Cassia fistula Chebulagic acid chemical properties chemistry cherry tomato Chickpea CHIKV E2 Chilli growers Cicerarietinum Clément-Desormes method climate change clinical cure Cluster cluster analysis Cluster Front Line D Coated Urea Coatings Colloidal processing Colored sweet pepper Comfortability Compact cotton composite flours composting computer conservation Conservation agriculture Correlation correlation analysis Correlation coefficient Coss cost cotton COVID-19 Cow dung and urine Cowpea CPE – Cumulative pan evaporation Crop coefficient Crop evapotranspiration crop growth rate crop production cropping system crops Crosstalk Crude protein Culm strength culture media Curry leaf Czern D2 DCT tools Dealers Debris deinition demonstration Disease Diversity docking Dosage Drip irrigation drought mitigation Drought tolerance Dry matter drymatter Ebola virus Eco-friendly insecticides Economics Ecosystem Effectiveness Efficacy Eichornia crassipes Electron microscope EM-AMMI Emulsion activity environment equilibrium Erodibility ethanol Ethylene Evaluation exoplanets explants extremophiles Extrusion cooking farmers Farming FDA fertigation fertility fertilizer fibre Field trails Finger millet Firming FITCON flax Fly-ash Fodder Cowpea Fold Foliar nutrition foliar spray food Food Security Forage yield forest Front line Demonstration front line demonstrations fruit fruit physical parameters fruit yield Fruits; Nutrients; Value addition Fungicide FYM GEI genetic advance Genetic diversity genetic variability genetic variation Genotype genotype x environment interaction Genotypes Geometrical Parameters germplasm GIS GPS-GIS grain Green forage Green nanopesticides gross returns Groundnut Crop Groundnut or peanut properties Growth Growth and Attributes Growth and Attributes. growth and yield attributes growth parameters growth retardant habitability Health; Self-life Heisenberg group heritability heritability and genetic advance Heterotrophic Bacteria High density planting high- density planting system High-density planting high-density planting system Host-pathogen hull Humic acid hydrogel Hydrophilic and Microporous ICT imazethapyr Immunotherapy Impact in vitro Incidence Incorporation Indigenous collections Influence of Sulphur Influenza information INM Input Agency Inputs integrated nutrient management intercultivation IPM Irrigation Isolation Jeevamrutha JG -63 kharif kinetics Knowledge labour Land Use Laplace operator Lassa virus Leaf learning Lebesgue life Lignin linseed Linum usitatissimum L. liquid biofertilizers Local Non-descript Goats Lodging Long-term fertilizer experiment longitudinal expansion Maize management practices Mango Marine Environment Marine Pollution marker maturity Membranes Mepiquat chloride Metal halide meteorological variables method of sowing MGNREGA beneficiaries Microbial studies Micrococcus lutes micronutrients Microorganism mines MLT moisture Moisture content Molar absorptivity Molasses mole technology mulching municipal solid waste Murraya koenigii Mustard Nanofibres Natural plants net assimilation rate net returns net returns and B:C ratio net returns B:C ratio NICRA nitrification Nitrobacter Nitrogen nitrogen levels and yield Nitrogen sources Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Nitrosomonas Non Basmati rice nutrient management nutrient removal and nutrient uptake Nutrient uptake nutrients c Nutritional composition Ochrobacterum pitutisom of Oil absorption capacity oil cakes organic Organic agriculture organic carbon pools organic manures organic product Organoleptic acceptability origin Packaging pad-dry-cure method Parameters Pathogen entry performance Perovskite Quantum dots Pest Control Pesticide pests pH physical properties Phytochemicals Pigeon pea Pigeonpea planetary plant Plant defense plant height Planting geometry Plastic Waste PM2.5 poly house polymers potassium iodate Poultry poultry farming prebiotic Principle component analysis (PCA) priority inputs Production productivity properties Protective clothing Protein and Crude fibre pulp Pulse beetle Pulse Magic pumpkin flour pumpkin seed flour Pusa 1121 Grain quality Pusa Basmati 1 Pusa hydrogel Pusa Sugandha qualitative quality quality parameters quantitative Quinoa R-8808 and KADARI-9 varieties ready-to-eat recommended dose of fertilizer relative growth rate remediation Resistance breeding response surface rhodamine-B dye Rice Riemann-Liouville RMSPD RNA polymerase RNA polymerase activity Rock phosphate Rural Salt affected soil SAMETI sampling sandal’s sensitivity Sandy soil season Seasonal Incidence Seed hardening Seed priming seed rate seed yield seeds Sequence cropping SFunctional property Simulation and Bienniality Sirohi SISGYS Skill Skimmed milk slope map smartphone Socio-economic impact Soil soil aggregation Soil amendments soil characteristics Soil Erosion soil fertility maps and nutrientindex Soil health soil moisture content and maize Soil organic carbon Soil organic matter soil properties Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) Solar energy materials Solid works Sorghum Soybean SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) values spectrophotometer Spectrophotometric Spectrophotometry stability standardization STCR equation Sugarcane ratoon crop Sulphur Sunflower Super absorbent polymer Superiority index Supplementation sustainability Sustainable agriculture sustainable productivity sustainable productivity and vertisols Sweet corn Sweet sorghum Swelling capacity techniques Technological need; Awareness; Dairy farmers Technology Index Terminal Velocity textile applications the mechanocaloric effect thermodynamics Threshing Cylinder tomato total cost Trainees Training Tuberose Unani Universal soil loss equation up gradation Upliftment Urea USWC utilization Vaccines for cancer Validation Variability Varieties vegetable producers Vermicompost Vermicomposting vertisols Vetiver oil microcapsules volumetric expansion Waste Management wastewater Water absorption capacity Water hyacinth Water productivity water resources Water vapor permeability waterlogged soils Waterproof weather Weeding wheat wheat flour Wilt wool fabric Yield yield and economics yield attributes yield parameters zero tillage and soil organic carbon zero-order method Zinc Zinc and Boron on Uptake and Availability of Nutrients in Onion ziprasidone hydrochloride (ZPN) Ziram